# Equitable Interest in Real Estate: What It Means When You Sell Your House

Source: https://webuyhousesinconnecticut.com/equitable-interest-real-estate/  
Author: Jerryll Noorden, owner of We Buy Houses In Connecticut, LLC ((203) 529-4712)  
Updated: 2026-10-26  
Facts checked: 2026-10-26

## The short answer

An **equitable interest** is a buyer's enforceable right to buy your house, created when you both sign a purchase contract. You keep legal title until closing. It is what a wholesaler assigns to an end buyer, which is why states such as Iowa and North Dakota require written disclosure that a wholesaler may not be able to convey title. Connecticut bars recording a wholesale contract against your home (CGS 20-329fff).

Key takeaways

- **An equitable interest is the right a buyer gets in your house the moment you both sign a purchase contract.** It is a right to buy the house on the agreed terms, not ownership. You keep the deed until closing. It is a core idea in [real estate wholesaling](/what-is-real-estate-wholesaling/).

- **It is what a wholesaler actually sells.** A wholesaler who assigns your contract is selling their equitable interest to another investor, not your house.

- **Many state wholesaling laws are written around this term.** Several require the wholesaler to tell you, or the end buyer, in writing that they hold only an equitable interest and may not be able to deliver title.

- **It can be recorded, and that is where sellers get hurt.** A recorded "affidavit of equitable interest" or memorandum can cloud your title long after a deal dies. Connecticut bans this for wholesale contracts (CGS 20-329fff).

- **It ends.** Closing, a valid cancellation, the contract's own end date, or a signed release ends it. In Connecticut a wholesale contract ends automatically after 90 days unless you both extend it in writing.

- **The protection is in the contract you sign.** A short closing window, a real deposit held by an attorney or escrow agent, and a no-recording clause keep a buyer's equitable interest from becoming your problem.

## What is an equitable interest in real estate?

An equitable interest in real estate is a buyer's legal right to a property that they don't own yet. It is created when the owner and the buyer sign a binding purchase contract. The buyer doesn't hold the deed, but they hold an enforceable right to buy the house on the contract's terms, and in many cases they can transfer that right to someone else.

Think of it as a reservation with legal teeth. You agree to sell your house for a price, by a date. Until closing, the deed stays in your name and you still pay the taxes, the insurance and the mortgage. But you can't sell the house to someone else, because the buyer now holds a right that a court can enforce.

That right is the equitable interest. "Equitable" is an old legal word. It comes from the courts of equity, which enforced fairness-based rights that ordinary law courts didn't recognize. The word sounds technical, but the idea is simple: a signed contract gives the buyer something real before the deed changes hands.

You'll mostly run into the term when a wholesaler is involved, because an equitable interest is exactly what a wholesaler sells. If you're new to how that works, start with our seller's guide to [what real estate wholesaling is](/what-is-real-estate-wholesaling/), then come back here. This page explains what you're handing over when you sign, what the buyer can and can't do with it, and how to make sure it ends cleanly if the deal doesn't close. It is written for homeowners in any state, with Connecticut as the worked example. As of October 2026. This is general information, not legal advice.

## What is the difference between an equitable interest and legal title?

The difference between an equitable interest and legal title is the difference between a right to own and actual ownership. Legal title is ownership on the record: your name on the recorded deed. An equitable interest is the buyer's contract right to receive that title at closing. Before closing, you hold legal title and the buyer holds an equitable interest at the same time.

| Question | Legal title (you, the seller) | Equitable interest (the buyer under contract) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Whose name is on the deed? | Yours | Nobody's. The buyer has a contract, not a deed. |
| Who lives in or controls the house? | You, unless the contract says otherwise | The buyer gets only the access the contract gives, such as inspections or showings |
| Who pays taxes, insurance and the mortgage? | You, until closing | Usually no one else, until closing |
| Can it be sold or transferred? | Not to anyone else while the contract is in force | Often yes, by assignment, if the contract allows it. That is wholesaling. |
| What can a court enforce? | Your right to be paid the price on the agreed terms | The right to buy on the agreed terms, sometimes by forcing the sale (specific performance) |
| How does it end? | When you deliver the deed at closing | At closing, or when the contract is validly cancelled, expires or is released |

The key point for you as a seller: an equitable interest is a promise about the future. It is only as good as the buyer's ability to keep that promise. That's why several state laws require a wholesaler to tell people, in writing, that they "may not be able to convey title" (the wording appears in the Arizona, Iowa and North Dakota statutes, among others). The wholesaler can't hand over a deed they never had. All they can hand over is the right to buy from you.

## When does a buyer get an equitable interest in your house?

A buyer gets an equitable interest in your house when you both sign a valid, binding purchase contract. A verbal offer, a text or an unsigned letter of intent generally creates no equitable interest. Once the signatures are on a contract that describes the property and the price, the buyer has a right they can enforce, and sometimes transfer.

A few practical consequences follow from that:

- **Before you sign, you owe nothing.** Asking for an offer, letting someone look at the house or getting a written number doesn't give anyone a right to your house. Replying to a mailer commits you to nothing.

- **Your signature is the moment that matters.** That's why the protective laws focus on what you must be told before you sign. Connecticut, for example, requires the wholesaler to hand you the state's written disclosure report before you sign a wholesale contract (CGS 20-329eee, in force since October 1, 2026).

- **A right to cancel can pause the effect.** In states with a no-reason cancellation window, such as Connecticut's three business days, you can still walk away without penalty during that window (CGS 20-329ccc(a)). After it closes, the buyer's interest is firmer.

- **Conditions matter.** Many contracts are subject to inspection, financing, probate court approval or title. The buyer's interest exists, but the contract may let one side cancel if a condition isn't met.

Before you sign anythingAsk one question out loud: "Are you buying my house, or will you assign this contract?" If the answer is "assign", you are about to give an equitable interest to someone who plans to sell it. That can be perfectly fine. You just need to know it, and to read our guide on [what "and/or assigns" means in a contract](/and-or-assigns-real-estate-contract/).

## Does a buyer under contract own your house?

No, a buyer under contract does not own your house. You still own it, and your name stays on the deed until closing. The buyer owns a contract right, the equitable interest, which lets them enforce the sale on the agreed terms. They can't move in, rent it out, borrow against it or change it unless your contract specifically allows it.

This question comes up a lot with wholesale deals, because the wholesaler may talk and act like an owner. They may bring investors through the house, photograph it or advertise it. Here is what a buyer under contract usually can and can't do:

- **Usually can:** inspect the house and bring people through, if the contract allows access; assign the contract, if it is assignable; enforce the sale if you refuse to close without a valid reason.

- **Usually can't:** take possession before closing; sign a lease or collect rent; start repairs or demolition; mortgage the house; record a deed; change the price on their own.

Connecticut's disclosure report is blunt about one of these points. It warns sellers that the wholesaler "may market your property for sale" during the contract period, and that the contract may let the wholesaler accept or reject offers "without your knowledge or consent" (CGS 20-329eee(b)(4)(A)). In other words, your contract decides how much control you hand over. Read the access, marketing and assignment clauses before you sign, not after.

If you discover that someone is advertising your house without a contract, or in a way your contract doesn't allow, that is a problem worth raising with your attorney and your state's real estate regulator. The Kansas Real Estate Commission, for example, described a complaint in its 2024 testimony about a wholesaler who advertised a property on Facebook without the owner's knowledge.

## If the house is damaged before closing, who carries the risk?

Who carries the risk if your house is damaged before closing depends first on your contract, and then on your state's law. Most purchase contracts say what happens after a fire, storm or flood: the buyer can usually cancel, or close and receive the insurance money. Some states have statutes on this, and courts in others apply an older rule called equitable conversion.

Equitable conversion is the legal idea that, once a contract is signed, the buyer is treated in some ways as the owner "in equity" and the seller as holding the house mainly to secure the price. In the states that still apply the old rule without a statute or a contract clause, a buyer could in theory be stuck closing on a damaged house. Many states have changed that by statute or case law, and almost every modern contract overrides it anyway.

For you as the seller, the practical answers are simple:

- **Keep your homeowner's insurance in force until closing.** Until the deed changes hands, you own the house. Don't cancel the policy because "it's sold".

- **Read the casualty or "risk of loss" clause.** If the contract has none, ask your attorney to add one.

- **Vacant houses need attention.** Many policies limit coverage on a house that has been vacant for a set period. If you've already moved out, call your insurer.

## Why does equitable interest matter when you sell to a wholesaler?

Equitable interest matters when you sell to a wholesaler because it is the thing the wholesaler is selling. A wholesaler signs a contract with you, which gives them an equitable interest, and then assigns that interest to an end buyer for a fee. The end buyer steps into your contract and closes with you. The wholesaler never owns your house.

Here is the chain, in order:

- You sign a purchase contract with the wholesaler. They now hold an equitable interest in your house.

- The wholesaler finds an end buyer and signs an assignment with them. The end buyer pays for the right to step into your contract. That payment is the assignment fee.

- The end buyer now holds the equitable interest and closes with you, on your contract's terms.

- At closing, legal title passes from you to the end buyer. The equitable interest ends, because it has done its job.

Some wholesalers instead buy the house and resell it the same day, in a double closing. In that case they briefly take legal title, not just an equitable interest.

Where it gets risky is when the wholesaler can't find a buyer. An equitable interest without the money to close is a right nobody can exercise. Meanwhile, it still ties up your house. Regulators have described exactly this. The Kansas Real Estate Commission told legislators in 2024 that a wholesaler "often has no intention of purchasing" and will back out before closing if no buyer turns up. That's the reason so many of the new laws focus on disclosure, short contract terms and a seller's right to cancel. What happens next is covered in [can you back out of a contract with a wholesaler](/cancel-wholesale-real-estate-contract/).

How I explain itWhen you sign with anyone who might assign the contract, picture handing them a ticket with your house's name on it. A good wholesaler hands that ticket to a buyer they know will show up, and you close. A bad one waves the ticket around for weeks hoping someone bites. The ticket is the equitable interest. Your job is to make sure it has an expiry date and can't be pinned to your title.

## What do state laws say about a wholesaler's equitable interest?

State laws treat a wholesaler's equitable interest in three main ways. Some require a real estate license to publicly market it. Some require the wholesaler to disclose in writing that they hold only an equitable interest and may not be able to deliver title. And some limit recording it against your property. Many states combine these rules.

| State | How the law treats the equitable interest | Law |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alabama | The wholesaler must disclose the nature of the equitable interest in writing to any later buyer or assignee, and tell you before marketing it. | Ala. Code §§ 8-42-1 to -3 |
| Arizona | A wholesale seller must tell the buyer it holds only an equitable interest and may be unable to convey title. | A.R.S. § 44-5101 |
| Iowa | Written disclosure to all parties that the wholesaler holds only an equitable interest and may not be able to convey title. | Iowa Code § 543B.6A |
| Kentucky | Advertising an equitable interest in a purchase contract for sale is brokerage. Non-licensees may not do it. | KRS 324.010 (2023 HB 62) |
| Maryland | For owner-occupied homes, a wholesale seller must tell the assignee it holds only an equitable interest and may not be able to convey title. | Real Prop. § 10-715 |
| Nebraska | Publicly marketing an equitable interest requires a license. | Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-885.02 |
| North Dakota | License to publicly market an equitable interest, plus written disclosure that the wholesaler holds one, may not be able to convey title, and intends to profit. | N.D.C.C. § 43-23-24 |
| Ohio | A seller-side wholesaler must tell the buyer it holds only an equitable interest and may not be able to convey title. In force March 2, 2026. | R.C. 5301.95 |
| Oklahoma | Only a licensee may publicly market an equitable interest. A 2025 law adds seller disclosures and bars clouding your title. | 59 O.S. § 858-301; SB 1075 (2025) |
| Pennsylvania | Promoting the sale of an equitable interest in a home for a fee, without taking title, is a "wholesale transaction" that requires a license. | Act 52 of 2024 |
| Tennessee | Written disclosure of the equitable interest to a potential assignee, plus notice to you before marketing and before assignment. | Pub. Ch. 72 (2025) |
| Texas | Assigning a contract is allowed without a license only if the nature of the equitable interest is disclosed in writing to the seller and to potential buyers. | Tex. Occ. Code § 1101.0045 |
| Connecticut | The wholesaler must tell the end buyer in writing that it holds "a future interest" but not title. Recording the contract or a lien is banned. | CGS 20-329ccc, 20-329fff |

Notice the pattern. Lawmakers in very different states landed on the same warning: the person you are signing with may not be able to deliver the deed. That isn't an accusation. It's simply true of every wholesale contract, honest or not, because the wholesaler's right is only as good as the end buyer they find.

## How does Connecticut treat a wholesaler's equitable interest?

Connecticut treats a wholesaler's equitable interest as a short-lived contract right that can't be pinned to your title. Since July 1, 2026, a wholesale contract can't set a closing more than 90 days out and ends automatically after that unless extended in writing. The wholesaler can't record the contract or a lien, and must tell any end buyer it doesn't hold title.

Connecticut's general rule, which still applies to ordinary sales, is that a contract to convey land can be recorded on the town land records, and the record is "notice to all the world of the equitable interest thus created" (CGS 47-17). That is why a recorded contract can be such a problem: it warns every future buyer and lender that someone else may have a claim.

For wholesale contracts, Connecticut's 2026 wholesaler law cuts that off:

| Rule | What it means for the wholesaler's equitable interest | Statute |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No recording | No one may record a wholesale contract, a notice of it, or anything that claims a lien or encumbrance on your house. A wholesaler may not file a purchaser's lien. | CGS 20-329fff(a) |
| No legal effect if recorded anyway | A recorded wholesale contract or notice gives no actual or constructive notice to a good-faith buyer or lender. The town clerk may refuse to record it. | CGS 20-329fff(a), (b) |
| Owner's affidavit clears it | You can record an affidavit of facts (CGS 47-12a). Once it's recorded, the filing is void and unenforceable. | CGS 20-329fff(c) |
| 90-day life | The closing date can be no more than 90 days after signing. Without a signed written extension, the contract ends automatically. | CGS 20-329ccc(b) |
| Honest label to the end buyer | Before assigning, the wholesaler must tell the end buyer in writing that it "holds a future interest in the purchase" but does not hold title. | CGS 20-329ccc(c) |
| Three business days to cancel | You can cancel for any reason during the first three business days, returning only any deposit the wholesaler paid you. | CGS 20-329ccc(a) |

Connecticut also has an older, general time limit that applies to any contract to buy real estate, wholesale or not. An interest under an executory agreement (a contract still waiting to be performed) can't survive more than one year after the closing date set in the contract, or 18 months after signing if no date is set, unless the buyer sues to enforce it within that time and files a notice of lis pendens (CGS 47-33a). After that, the expired interest can't make your title unmarketable.

For the full Connecticut picture, including registration and the disclosure report, read [what to expect when selling your house to a wholesaler in Connecticut](/what-to-expect-when-selling-your-house-to-a-wholesaler-in-naugatuck-ct/).

## Can a buyer record their equitable interest against your house?

A buyer can record their equitable interest against your house in some states, usually through a memorandum of contract or an "affidavit of equitable interest". The recording tells the world your house is under contract. It isn't a mortgage, but it can cloud your title and block a later sale. Connecticut bans this for wholesale contracts, and other states now limit it.

In an ordinary sale, recording a short memorandum can protect a legitimate buyer, for example in a long-term option or a land deal. In wholesaling, it has been abused. The pattern regulators describe is the same everywhere: the deal dies or the owner cancels, but the recorded document stays, and it surfaces months or years later when the owner tries to sell or refinance.

- **Kansas, 2026.** In a lawsuit filed in March 2026, the Kansas Attorney General alleged that a "we buy houses" wholesaling company recorded "Affidavits of Equitable Interest" that acted as false liens on homeowners' titles, including after some owners changed their minds. These are allegations; the company denies wrongdoing and the case is ongoing.

- **Oklahoma and Arizona.** Both states' real estate regulators reported numerous complaints about clouded titles before their wholesaling laws passed.

- **Texas.** Since September 1, 2025, anyone who records a memorandum of contract on a home that the owner didn't sign must mail the owner notice, and the owner can record an affidavit that works as a release unless the filer contests it within 45 days (Tex. Prop. Code § 12.020).

- **Connecticut, Louisiana and Oklahoma** bar wholesalers from clouding title or recording liens on the seller's property.

If something has already been recorded against your house, our guide to [memorandums of contract and clouded titles](/memorandum-of-contract-real-estate/) walks through how to find it and remove it, state by state.

Red flagIf a buyer says they need to "record the contract to protect our interest" on a quick, as-is sale of your home, stop and ask why. An honest buyer closing within weeks rarely needs to. In Connecticut, recording a wholesale contract is simply illegal (CGS 20-329fff).

## How does a buyer's equitable interest end?

A buyer's equitable interest ends in one of five ways: the sale closes and the buyer takes title; one side validly cancels under the contract or a state law; the contract expires on its own terms; both sides sign a mutual release; or a court ends it. Once it ends, the buyer has no further right to your house.

| How it ends | What it looks like | What you should get |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Closing | The deed is recorded to the buyer or end buyer, and you are paid. | Your closing statement and the recorded deed |
| Cancellation by you | You use a contract right or a state cooling-off period, such as Connecticut's three business days. | Proof your notice was delivered on time, in the way the contract requires |
| Cancellation by the buyer | The buyer walks away during an inspection or due-diligence period, or because a condition failed. | A written cancellation and an answer on the deposit |
| Expiry | The closing date passes without an extension. In Connecticut a wholesale contract ends automatically after 90 days unless extended in writing. | A letter or email confirming the contract has ended |
| Mutual release | Both sides sign a short document ending the contract. | A signed release, recordable if anything was recorded |
| Court order | A judge rules the contract void, cancelled or expired, often in a quiet-title action. | A certified copy of the judgment for the land records |

The weak spot is the middle of that list. A contract that "just expires" can still leave confusion: did the buyer agree it's over? Is anything recorded? Did they assign it to someone you've never heard of? Get the end in writing, every time. If anything was recorded, make sure a release or affidavit is recorded too, and check your land records a few weeks later.

## How do you protect yourself before you give a buyer an equitable interest?

You protect yourself before you give a buyer an equitable interest by limiting how long it lasts, what it lets them do and whether it can touch your title. Ask for a short closing date, a meaningful deposit held by an attorney or escrow agent, a no-recording clause, written disclosure of any assignment, and a clear statement of what ends the contract.

Ask for these in writing, before you sign:

- **A firm closing date, not far away.** The longer the contract runs, the longer your house is tied up. In Connecticut the law caps wholesale contracts at 90 days, but you can agree to less.

- **A short inspection period.** Many wholesale contracts let the buyer cancel for any reason during a long inspection window. Shorter windows mean less time off the market for you.

- **A real deposit, held by a neutral party.** An attorney, title company or escrow agent should hold it, never the buyer. Louisiana's 2026 law, for example, requires a deposit of at least 1% held in the seller's account or an in-state insured escrow.

- **A no-recording clause.** For example: "Buyer shall not record this agreement or any memorandum, affidavit or notice of it."

- **Written disclosure of assignment.** If they may assign, it should say so plainly, and you should know who the end buyer is before closing.

- **Your own attorney.** In Connecticut, closings are handled by attorneys, and the wholesaler law gives you three business days to have one review the contract. The [Connecticut Bar Association](https://www.ctbar.org/public/lawyer-referral-service) runs a referral service.

Then run the checks in [how to check a cash home buyer](/how-to-check-a-cash-home-buyer-connecticut/): proof of funds, a license or registration where your state requires one, and real reviews with names and towns.

## Should you still sign a contract that a wholesaler can assign?

You can sign a contract that a wholesaler can assign, as long as it is disclosed, short, and can't be recorded against your house, and your situation fits a fast as-is sale. An assignable contract isn't a scam. But if your house is updated and you have a few months, listing with an agent will usually net you more money.

An equitable interest is just the legal shape of a promise. Wholesaling is a tool, and whether that promise helps you depends on whose hands it's in. With an honest wholesaler who has real buyers, it's how a house with tenants, a bad foundation or a probate deadline gets sold in weeks. With the wrong one, it's how a house sits under contract while nobody buys it.

Weigh it honestly. A cash or wholesale sale makes sense when repairs, tenants, distance or a deadline make listing hard. Listing makes sense when the house shows well, buyers with mortgages can buy it, and you have time. Our comparison of [a cash buyer vs. a realtor in Connecticut](/cash-buyer-vs-realtor-connecticut/) runs the numbers both ways, and [should you sell your house to a wholesaler](/selling-your-house-to-a-wholesaler/) lays out the pros and cons in full. If you'd like to see every route side by side, we list them on [all the ways we buy houses in Connecticut](/ways-we-buy-houses-connecticut/).

We Buy Houses In Connecticut, LLC has been buying Connecticut houses since 2016, about 10 a year, with a typical close in about two weeks. If you want a number to compare, [get your written cash offer](/sell-your-house-in-connecticut/) or call Jerryll at [(203) 529-4712](tel:+12035294712). For the whole picture first, go back to our [honest guide to wholesaling for homeowners](/what-is-real-estate-wholesaling/).

## Equitable interest questions homeowners ask

**Q: What is an equitable interest in real estate?**

An equitable interest in real estate is a buyer's enforceable right to buy a property on agreed terms, created by a signed purchase contract. The buyer doesn't own the property or hold the deed yet. The seller keeps legal title until closing.

**Q: Does a buyer with an equitable interest own my house?**

No. A buyer with an equitable interest does not own your house. You still hold legal title and your name stays on the deed until closing. The buyer only has a contract right to buy on the agreed terms.

**Q: What is the difference between equitable interest and legal title?**

The difference between equitable interest and legal title is that legal title is recorded ownership, while an equitable interest is a right to receive that ownership later. During a pending sale, the seller holds legal title and the buyer holds the equitable interest.

**Q: Can a wholesaler sell their equitable interest in my house?**

Yes, a wholesaler can usually sell, or assign, their equitable interest if your contract allows assignment, for example with "and/or assigns" after the buyer's name. Many states now require written disclosure first, and some require a license to market it publicly.

**Q: What is an affidavit of equitable interest?**

An affidavit of equitable interest is a sworn document a buyer records on the land records to claim a contract right in a property. It can cloud the owner's title. In a 2026 lawsuit, the Kansas Attorney General alleged that one wholesaler used such affidavits as false liens. Connecticut bans recording wholesale contracts and notices.

**Q: Is an equitable interest the same as a lien?**

No, an equitable interest is not a lien. It is a contract right to buy, not security for a debt. But if it is recorded, it can work like one in practice, because title companies and lenders won't ignore it until it is released.

**Q: How long does a buyer's equitable interest last?**

A buyer's equitable interest lasts until closing, cancellation, the contract's expiry or a release. In Connecticut a wholesale contract ends automatically after 90 days unless extended in writing (CGS 20-329ccc), and any executory contract interest has an outer time limit under CGS 47-33a.

**Q: Can I sell my house to someone else while it's under contract?**

Generally no. While a valid contract is in force, the buyer's equitable interest prevents you from selling to someone else without risking a lawsuit. You first need the contract to end by cancellation, expiry or a signed release.

**Q: Who pays for insurance and taxes while the buyer has an equitable interest?**

You do, in most cases. As the legal owner you keep paying the mortgage, taxes and insurance until closing. Taxes are usually prorated at closing. Keep your homeowner's insurance in force until the deed transfers.

**Q: Do I need a lawyer if a wholesaler has an equitable interest in my house?**

It is wise to have one. A real estate attorney can check whether the contract is assignable, when it ends, whether anything was recorded and how to clear it. In Connecticut, closings are handled by attorneys anyway, and the law gives you three business days for review.

**Q: What happens to the equitable interest if the wholesaler can't find a buyer?**

If the wholesaler can't find a buyer, the equitable interest usually ends when the wholesaler cancels during an inspection period or the contract expires on its closing date. Get that end confirmed in writing, and check that nothing was recorded against your house.

## Sources

- [Connecticut General Statutes chapter 392a, §§ 20-329aaa to 20-329hhh](https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/sup/chap_392a.htm) (real estate wholesalers; P.A. 25-168, effective July 1, 2026).

- [Connecticut General Statutes chapter 821](https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_821.htm) (§ 47-12a affidavit of facts; § 47-17 recorded contracts as notice of equitable interests; § 47-33a time limit on executory agreements).

- [Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection: Real Estate Wholesaling](https://portal.ct.gov/wholesaling).

- [Arizona Revised Statutes § 44-5101](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/44/05101.htm).

- [Iowa Code § 543B.6A](https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/543B.6A.pdf).

- [North Dakota Century Code chapter 43-23](https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t43c23.pdf).

- [Texas SB 1577 (2023), Tex. Occ. Code § 1101.0045](https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB01577F.HTM).

- [Texas HB 4063 (2025), Tex. Prop. Code § 12.020](https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/HB04063F.htm) (unilateral memorandum of contract).

- [Kansas Real Estate Commission testimony on HB 2598](https://www.kslegislature.gov/li_2024/b2023_24/committees/ctte_h_cmrce_lbr_1/documents/testimony/20240131_05.pdf) (January 31, 2024).

- [Kansas Real Estate Commission bulletin on the Attorney General's wholesaling lawsuit](https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/KSREC/bulletins/41118f6) (April 2026).

- [Oklahoma Real Estate Commission: wholesaling law](https://oklahoma.gov/orec/resources/blog/wholesale-act.html).

- Other state laws: each is linked in the [state table](#state-laws) above.